In classical rhetoric, figures of speech are divided into two type Tropes and Schemes. Tropes are defined as an unusual use or twist in the meaning of words. Schemes refer to the order in which the words fall.
The Tropes
Metaphor
Simile
Synecdoche
Metonymy
Puns
Antanaclasis
Paronomasia
Syllepsis
Anthimeria
Periphrasis
Personification
Hyperbole
Litotes
Rhetorical Question (erotema)
Irony
Onomatopoeia
Oxymoron
Paradox